Prevenciòn de la muerte súbita
El uso generalizado de desfibriladores en lugares públicos salva vidas
Un experto afirma que son más eficaces que la RCP ante un paro cardiaco súbito.
Medlineplus
Un estudio halla que las probabilidades de sobrevivir a un paro cardiaco son mayores si lo causa una arritmia. «desfibrilable»
Si los transeúntes pueden administrar reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y un choque con un desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) que esté a mano.
Por esta razón una persona es más propensa a sobrevivir si el paro cardiaco ocurre en un lugar público muy concurrido.
Donde haya testigos que respondan a la emergencia y un desfibrilador externo automático disponible, señalaron los investigadores.
«La mayoría de las veces que los pacientes sufren un paro cardiaco en un lugar público, como aeropuertos, edificios públicos, eventos deportivos o instalaciones para hacer ejercicio.
La causa de su paro cardiaco responde al choque de un desfibrilador externo automático que salva su vida.
Explicó el investigador principal, el Dr. Myron L. Weisfeldt, director del Departamento de medicina de la Facultad de medicina de la Universidad de Johns Hopkins en Baltimore.
«La frecuencia de esta irregularidad cardiaca que responde al choque de un desfibrilador externo automático entre las personas que sufren un paro cardiaco en su casa es mucho menor».
Los desfibriladores externos automáticos que están disponibles y se usan en lugares públicos salvan vidas si son fáciles de encontrar y un transeúnte está dispuesto a usarlos, agregó Weisfeldt.
«El uso del desfibrilador externo automático en el hogar beneficiará a algunos pacientes pero no tanto como en lugares públicos», agregó.
«En el hogar es mucho más importante llamar al 911 para activar los servicios de emergencia y llevar a cabo la reanimación cardiopulmonar».
El informe aparece en la edición del 27 de enero de la New England Journal of Medicine.
Para el estudio, el equipo de Weisfeldt recopiló datos sobre 12,930 paros cardiacos. De éstos, 2,042 ocurrieron en un lugar público y 9,564 en el hogar.
De estos paros cardíacos, el 79 por ciento eran arritmias desfibrilables tales como taquicardia ventricular o fibrilación ventricular.
En estas arritmias, las cámaras inferiores del corazón, conocidas como ventrículos, se contraen de forma caótica y demasiado rápido.
El resultado es que la sangre no circula por todo el cuerpo.
Dar un choque al corazón con un desfibrilador externo automático puede, en muchos casos, hacer que el ritmo cardiaco vuelva a la normalidad.
De hecho, entre estos tipos de paros cardíacos, el 34 por ciento de las personas que fueron tratadas con un DEA usado por un espectador en un lugar público sobrevivieron y fueron dadas de alta del hospital.
Un número mucho más bajo de pacientes (36 por ciento) sufrió taquicardia ventricular o fibrilación ventricular en el hogar.
Entre los que recibieron el choque de un desfibrilador externo automático por parte de un espectador o familiar, el 11.6 por ciento abandonó el hospital, apuntaron los autores.
«A pesar de la reducción general en la frecuencia de causas desfibrilables de paro cardiaco, los desfibriladores externos automáticos son potencialmente de gran valor en un lugar público.
Tanto en el hogar como en un lugar público, llamar al 911 y realizar la reanimación cardiopulmonar salva vidas», señaló Weisfeldt.
El Dr. Gregg Fonarow, vocero de la American Heart Association y profesor de cardiología de la Universidad de California en Los Ángeles, apuntó que «entre 250,000 y 350,000 estadounidenses sufren cada año un paro cardiaco súbito fuera del hospital y que más del 90 por ciento de estos individuos no sobrevive».
Este nuevo estudio encontró que los ritmos desfibrilables son mucho más frecuentes si el paro cardiaco súbito ocurre en lugares públicos que en el hogar, señaló.
«Esta diferencia en la frecuencia de ritmos desfibrilables entre lugares públicos y el hogar refleja probablemente diferencias de edad y enfermedades subyacentes entre los individuos que sufren un paro cardiaco en estos lugares», apuntó.
«Estos hallazgos sugieren que los DEA de los lugares públicos tienen mayor valor que los disponibles en el hogar. Esta investigación también subraya la necesidad de tomar más medidas para prevenir y reanimar con éxito a las personas que sufren un paro cardiaco súbito», agregó.
Otro experto, el Dr. Gust H. Bardy, profesor clínico de medicina de la Universidad de Washington y presidente fundador del Instituto de Investigación Cardiovascular de Seattle, cree que los desfibriladores externos automáticos deben estar ampliamente disponibles, pero cree que la reanimación cardiopulmonar es ineficaz.
«Creo que soy una de las pocas personas en el mundo que piensa que la reanimación cardiopulmonar no es útil. Si fuera tan eficaz, ¿por qué siguen muriendo personas a la misma tasa que lo han hecho desde el inicio de la reanimación cardiopulmonar», apuntó Bardy, que escribió un editorial acompañante en la revista.
Es una «terapia simulada», destacó. «Usted toleraría una terapia simulada para el cáncer de mama. Ni para el accidente cerebrovascular. ¿Por qué toleramos entonces una terapia simulada para el paro cardiaco? «.
Lo único que ha marcado la diferencia en la supervivencia es el desfibrilador externo automático y por tal razón necesita estar más fácilmente disponible, apuntó.
«Los fabricantes deben bajar los precios para que cueste menos que un iPhone y pasar a la distribución personal generalizada», señaló Bardy. «¿Por qué no tenemos ya un desfibrilador externo automático enganchado a nuestros cinturones? ¿Por qué no tenemos un desfibrilador externo automático desechable?».
Un estudio japonés que aparece en la última edición de marzo de la New England Journal of Medicine también encontró que la disponibilidad de los desfibriladores externos automáticos en lugares públicos salva vidas y a menudo con poco daño neurológico.
FUENTES: Myron L. Weisfeldt, M.D., William Osler Professor of Medicine, director, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; Gregg Fonarow, M.D., American Heart Association spokesman, and professor, cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Gust H. Bardy, M.D., clinical professor, medicine, University of Washington, and founding president, Seattle Institute for Cardiovascular Research; Jan. 27, 2011, New England Journal of Medicine.



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