Todo lo que debes saber acerca de un ACV (Accidente Cerebrovascular): tipos, causas, síntomas y prevención; lo podes conocer en este artículo.

Un accidente cerebrovascular ocurre cuando se bloquea el flujo de sangre en las arterias que nutren el cerebro, o cuando ocurre un sangrado en el cerebro mismo o en las membranas que lo rodean.
El accidente cerebrovascular es la tercera causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos de América (EEUU) y en gran parte del mundo occidental, y es la causa principal de invalidez en adultos. Cada año, en los EE. UU., se informan aproximadamente 795 000 casos de ACV, dos tercios de ellos son iniciales y un tercio recurrente.
En la Argentina, se estima que una persona sufre un ACV cada cuatro minutos y que mueren alrededor de 20 mil personas por año, provocando en los pacientes diversos trastornos entre ellos, dificultades en el habla, asimetría facial, debilidad en un brazo, fuertes dolores de cabeza, pérdida de visión de un ojo y dificultades para poder caminar.
Tipos de ACV
Hay 3 tipos de accidente cerebrovascular: isquémico, hemorrágico y ataque isquémico transitorio.
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ACV Isquemico
Un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico ocurre cuando una arteria en el cerebro se obstruye por un coágulo de sangre.
Un ejemplo de afección que aumenta las probabilidades de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico es la aterosclerosis, cuando la placa se acumula en las paredes arteriales.
A medida que las arterias se vuelven más estrechas, aumenta el riesgo de que un coágulo de sangre se atasque.
-
ACV hemorragico
Un accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico ocurre cuando una arteria en el cerebro estalla, causando una hemorragia cerebral.
Un ejemplo de una condición que aumenta el riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico es la presión arterial alta, donde la presión adicional en las paredes arteriales aumenta la posibilidad de ruptura.
-
ACV Isquemico Transitorio
Hay un tercer tipo de accidente cerebrovascular que es mucho menos grave: un ataque isquémico transitorio, o AIT o “mini accidente cerebrovascular”.
Un AIT es un tipo de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en el que un coágulo de sangre queda atorado en una arteria en el cerebro.
Este tipo de accidente cerebrovascular también se denomina “mini ACV” porque el coágulo se disuelve solo y no provoca daños permanentes.
Sin embargo, sigue siendo una emergencia médica y merece atención médica inmediata.
Causas más comunes
La Hipertensión arterial es el factor de riesgo número uno para accidentes cerebrovasculares. Los siguientes factores también incrementan el riesgo:
- Fibrilación auricular
- Diabetes
- Antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad
- Colesterol alto
- Edad, especialmente después de los 55 años
- Raza (las personas de raza negra son más propensas)
La posibilidad de un Accidente cerebrovascular es mayor en personas que llevan un estilo de vida malsano por:
- Tener sobrepeso u obesidad
- Consumir alcohol en exceso
- Consumir demasiada grasa o sal
- Fumar
- Consumir cocaína y otras drogas ilícitas
- Las píldoras anticonceptivas pueden aumentar las probabilidades de tener coágulos sanguíneos.
- El riesgo es mayor en mujeres que fuman y tienen más de 35 años.
Síntomas
Los síntomas del ACV dependen de qué parte del cerebro esté dañada. Generalmente se presentan de manera súbita y sin aviso. Es innumerable la cantidad de síntomas que pueden presentarse, entre ellos podemos encontrar debilidad muscular en la cara, el brazo o la pierna. Ud. habrá escuchado la palabra “hemiplejía” o “hemiparesia”. En el primer caso el paciente no puede mover “la mitad del cuerpo”, incluyendo los músculos de la cara, el brazo y la pierna. En el segundo caso puede moverlos, pero con mucha menos fuerza. Muchas veces sólo afecta la cara, algún brazo o alguna pierna. Pueden existir problemas para hablar o entender a otros que estén hablando, alteraciones en la vista, incluyendo disminución de la visión, visión doble o ceguera total. También pueden aparecer trastornos en la sensibilidad que afectan el tacto y la capacidad para sentir el dolor, la presión, o las temperaturas.
7 tips a tener en cuenta para prevenirlo
A continuación les mencionamos 7 importantes cuestiones que se deben tener en cuenta para prevenir y evitar un ACV:
- Dieta sana. Comer de forma equilibrada es fundamental para la salud del corazón y del sistema vascular.
- Hacer ejercicio. Al menos 30 minutos diarios de actividad física ayudan a mantener el sistema cardiovascular en forma.
- Evitar el consumo de tabaco.
- Controla la tensión arterial. La hipertensión es una de las principales causas de infarto de miocardio o accidentes cerebrovasculares.
- El aumento del colesterol en la sangre incrementa el riesgo de infarto de miocardio y accidentes cerebrovasculares.
- Conozca si padece arritmias (como la fibrilación auricular)
- Si es diabético, siga las indicaciones de su médico para controlar la diabetes.


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